MACULAR DEGENERATION

 

What is Macular Degeneration?

Macular Degeneration, also known as Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD), is a progressive eye disease that affects the macula—the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision. AMD leads to blurred or distorted central vision, making activities like reading, driving, and recognizing faces difficult.

Causes of Macular Degeneration

1. Aging – Most common in people over 50.
2. Genetics – Family history increases the risk.
3. Smoking – Doubles the risk of AMD.
4. High Blood Pressure & Heart Disease – Affects blood flow to the retina.
5. Obesity & Poor Diet – A diet lacking in antioxidants and essential nutrients may contribute to AMD.
6. Excessive Sunlight Exposure – UV damage can increase macular degeneration risk.

Types of Macular Degeneration

1. Dry Macular Degeneration (Most Common - 85-90%)

   • Gradual thinning of the macula due to aging.
   • Yellow deposits called drusen form under the retina, causing vision loss over time.
   • Progresses slowly, but can lead to severe central vision loss in later stages.

2. Wet Macular Degeneration (Less Common but More Severe)

   • Abnormal blood vessels grow under the retina, leaking fluid and blood.
   • Causes rapid and severe vision loss if not treated.
   • Straight lines may appear wavy or distorted (early symptom).

Symptoms of Macular Degeneration

• Blurry or distorted central vision
• Dark spots (blind spots) in the center of vision
• Difficulty reading, recognizing faces, or seeing fine details
• Colors appear faded or less vibrant
• Straight lines appear wavy or bent (sign of Wet AMD)

Diagnosis of Macular Degeneration

• Visual Acuity Test – Checks sharpness of vision.
• Amsler Grid Test – Detects distorted or wavy vision.
• Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) – High-resolution imaging of the retina.
• Fluorescein Angiography – Uses dye to examine abnormal blood vessels in Wet AMD.

Treatment Options for Macular Degeneration

There is no cure for AMD, but treatment can slow progression and prevent severe vision loss.

1. Lifestyle Changes & Supplements (For Dry AMD)

   • Antioxidant vitamins (Vitamin C, E, Zinc, Copper, Lutein, Zeaxanthin – AREDS2 Formula) can slow progression.
   • Healthy diet rich in leafy greens, fish (Omega-3), and nuts.
   • Regular exercise and avoiding smoking.

2. Anti-VEGF Injections (For Wet AMD)

   • Medications like Lucentis, Eylea, or Avastin stop abnormal blood vessel growth and prevent further damage.

3. Laser Therapy (For Wet AMD)

   • Destroys abnormal blood vessels to reduce vision loss.

4. Low Vision Aids

   • Magnifiers, special glasses, and adaptive technologies help improve quality of life for those with AMD.

Importance of Regular Eye Examinations

Since AMD can progress silently in early stages, routine eye exams are crucial for early detection and management. People over 50 should have regular macular health screenings, especially if they have risk factors.